Templates are loaded first by searching the application and then by searching the classpath. If a template needs to be overridden, an edited copy can be placed in the application, so that is found first.

Template and Themes

Templates are loaded based the template directory and theme name (see Selecting Themes). The template directory is defined by the struts.ui.templateDir property in struts.properties (defaults to template). If a tag is using the xhtml theme, the following two locations will be searched (in this order):

For performance reasons, you may want to prefer the first location, although the second one is more flexible. See Performance Tuning for a discussion on this topic.

Overriding Templates

The default templates provided in the struts-core.jar should suit the needs of many applications. However, if a template needs to be modified, it's easy to plug in a new version. Extract the template you need to change from the struts-core.jar, make the modifications, and save the updated copy to /template/$theme/$template.ftl. If you are using the xhmtl theme and need to change how the select tags render, edit that template and save it to /template/xhtml/select.ftl.

It is easier and better to edit and override an existing template than provide a new one of your own.

Altering Template Loading Behaviour

It is possible to load template from other locations, like the file system or a URL. Loading templates from alternate locations can be useful not only for tags, but for custom results. For details, see the FreeMarker documentation and consult the section on extending the FreeMarkerManager.

Alternative Template Engines

The framework provides for template rendering engines other than FreeMarker. (Though, there is rarely a need to use another system!)

The framework supports three template engines, which can be controlled by the struts.ui.templateSuffix in struts.properties.

The only set of templates and themes provided in the distribution is for FreeMarker. In order to use another template engine, you must provide your own template and theme for that engine.